Rural governance in the modern sense is the process of dynamic regulation and management of rural society through the joint action of the state， society and villages， which has the characteristics of pluralism of participating subjects， democratic management methods， and open operation process. Since the founding of New China， rural governance in the southwest region has gone through four stages with distinctive characteristics. In the new stage of the new era， this region is facing many practical problems that need to be solved urgently in the process of transitioning from poverty alleviation to rural revitalization. On the basis of drawing lessons from history， a number of corresponding countermeasures can be put forward for these problems， which are of self-evident significance and value for promoting the modernization of rural governance in the region and even across the whole country in the new stage.