In recent years, the global political and economic environment has undergone significant changes, and the trend of de-globalization has intensified. As a socialist country with a large population and a large market scale, China will inevitably have to bear all kinds of pressures and challenges that other countries have never encountered in the historical process of moving toward modernization. In the face of great changes unseen in a century, the dual circulation strategy with the domestic cycle as the main body is the strategic deployment to grasp the initiative of future development, and the high-quality development of the population is an inevitable requirement to promote the effective operation of the internal circulation. However, due to the prominent contradiction between talent supply and demand, the intensification of the declining birthrate and aging population, and the disembedding between the domestic cycle and the demographic change, there is still room for improvement in the domestic cycle empowered by population quality. Based on this, it is necessary to promote high-quality population development to promote human capital circulation and spatial rebalancing, strengthen fertility security to promote population production and structural adjustment, and attach importance to the silver economy to expand domestic demand, so as to give full play to the strong advantages of high-quality population development under the domestic cycle.