The development of new quality agricultural productivity is an important guarantee for national food security, the fundamental driving force for the revitalization of rural industries, and the practical foundation for enriching farmers and developing agriculture. However, at present, the development of new quality agricultural productivity is faced with practical difficulties such as the low scientific literacy of farmers, backward agricultural technologies, insufficient development of manpower, and constrained production relations. We should improve the scientific literacy of farmers by developing rural education; improve agricultural technologies by promoting scientific and technological innovation; increase manpower by promoting notions of big agriculture and big food industry; and liberate and develop new quality agricultural productivity by reforming productive relations.