Cultivating farmers'' subject consciousness is a realistic need for modernization of China''s rural areas as well as a general practice for promotion of law-ruling construction of towns and villages. Against the background of new times, practical law-ruling town and village construction demands three dimensions of system requirements and basic tasks with farmers'' subject consciousness cultivation: dimension of system, dimension of power and justice, and dimension of order. Cultivation, formation and development of farmers'' subject consciousness is a gradual and cumulative process, which needs to face numerous specific challenges, such as loss of voice for rights, digital powerlessness, and failure of order. Therefore, it is necessary to further clarify the boundary of administrative power and develop a new arrangement of pluralistic co-governance. Farmers'' subject consciousness should be cultivated from three aspects: acquisition of discourse power, optimization of digital power, and cultural identification.