Enhancing supply chain resilience is an important strategic choice for China to achieve high-quality development and build a modern industrial system. Based on panel data of 11 provinces and municipalities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2014 to 2023, this paper constructs an evaluation index system for supply chain resilience from the dimensions of supply side, connectivity side, demand side, and support side. By employing the entropy method, Dagum Gini coefficient, kernel density estimation, Markov chain, and obstacle factor model, it systematically analyzes the level measurement and spatiotemporal differentiation of supply chain resilience and identifies its obstacle factors. The results show that the overall level of supply chain resilience in the Yangtze River Economic Belt has steadily improved during the study period, with an uneven spatial distribution; intra-regional disparities present the feature of "eastern region > central region > western region", and inter-regional disparities are the core source of overall disparities; disparities in supply chain resilience level have undergone a process of "convergence first and divergence later", with heterogeneous evolutionary characteristics across the eastern, central and western regions; the level of supply chain resilience in each province and municipality is highly stable, and neighboring regions with high resilience levels exert a positive spatial spillover effect; express delivery volume, freight turnover, electricity consumption, number of enterprises and total energy consumption are the major obstacle factors restricting the improvement of supply chain resilience in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and each province and municipality also faces region-specific obstacles. The findings provide empirical evidence and decision-making references for the coordinated improvement and differentiated development of supply chain resilience in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.